New China Printing Business

On October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China was established. In order to develop the printing industry and adapt to the needs of the new situation, the People's Government has adopted a series of major measures. As a result, the printing industry has achieved tremendous development.

First, develop a socialist state-owned printing enterprise, use the printing power of the revolutionary bases and the printing factories of the newly liberated areas that have forfeited the Kuomintang government’s bureaucratic capital as capital, and on this basis, reorganize and reorganize and establish a state-run printing factory. In order to meet the requirements of various publications, an art printing factory mainly based on offset printing was established; the Latin script, Slavic script, and Japanese, Hindi, Tamil, Burmese, Korean, Nepali, and Bengali texts were printed. There are more than 50 kinds of texts in Cambodia, such as foreign language printing factories; to print Chinese, Mongolian, Tibetan, Uygur, Kazakh, Korean-based national printing plant; also established a number of professional, with Featured professional book printing factory.

Second, the reform of private capital printing enterprises, the implementation of the use of the private printing industry, restrictions, reforms, and take various measures to promote the private printing industry to serve the socialist construction. At the beginning, some entrusted processing was implemented, some implemented conversion, and after the merger conditions were met, public-private partnerships were implemented.

Moreover, due to the economic and cultural backwardness of the old semi-feudal and semi-colonial societies in China and the unbalanced economic and cultural development, the printing industry was mainly concentrated in a few large coastal cities (such as Shanghai, Tianjin, and Guangzhou) and Beijing. Many places in the Mainland do not have the ability to print. In order to change the irrational state left over from old China, the printing industry in the Mainland and remote areas has been developed step-by-step, and printing equipment and technical personnel have been systematically adjusted in places with strong printing power. , Established a printing factory in remote provinces.

Before liberation, printing machinery and printing materials were mainly imported from Britain, the United States, Japan, and other countries. After liberation, China's printing machinery manufacturing industry, which was established in order to equip itself with the printing industry, could not only produce various types of printing machinery. , And can also be part of the export, printing equipment can also be planned production, rational use, continue to produce new varieties to meet the development needs of printing technology.

In order to meet the growing cultural needs of the people, carry out technological innovation campaigns, improve the quality of printing, and reform processes to increase the speed of printing, the country has also sent people abroad to inspect and introduced foreign electronic platemaking and printing technologies; in order to improve the quality of the text version, The fonts were normalized, and many kinds of printed fonts were innovated to meet the requirements of various kinds of printed materials. At the same time, China's traditional woodblock watermarking process was also adopted to support the restoration and development of the woodblock watermarks, making the traditional printing technology heavy. Shine.

In the cultivation of printing technology talents and scientific research, due to the rapid development of the printing industry, the printing technology education has been paid attention to. In 1953, the first medium printing professional school—Shanghai Printing School (the predecessor of Shanghai Publishing and Printing College) was opened. With the four majors of letterpress platemaking, plain photoengraving, letterpress printing, and lithographic printing, a large number of talents have been trained to meet the urgent needs of printing technicians and solve major problems. In 1960, the Cultural Institute was established in Beijing. The printing department was professionally lithographed and later merged into the Central Academy of Arts and Crafts. In the early 1960s, the Institute of Surveying and Mapping of the Chinese People's Liberation Army organized special classes and college classes for map printing and printing. The Wuhan Institute of Surveying and Mapping (predecessor of Wuhan Surveying and Mapping University) also has a large number of graduates working on mapping and printing. These two colleges are the surveying and mapping undertakings in China. The weak link in the development of the map printing industry has contributed. In 1978, the State Council approved the establishment of the Beijing Institute of Printing. At present, there have been seven printed colleges and universities for undergraduates and college students in mainland China. There are more secondary specialized schools, vocational schools, and technical schools. In addition, they have also started to train higher-level talents. There are a group of printing engineering majors. Master graduates; also held various types of adult education, formed a multi-level academic education and continuing education. In order to carry out scientific research in printing, the Beijing Institute of Printing Technology (the predecessor of the China Institute of Printing Science and Technology) was established in 1958. Nowadays, the Institute of Printing Technology at the provincial level has grown to more than 20 institutions, conducting basic research, applied research and Development research.

In 1980, the nationwide mass organizations in the printing industry, the China Printing Technology Association and the publication journal China Printing, were established. In many places, local printing technology associations were established. There are more than 40 existing associations, and the association has strengthened printing. The horizontal connection between industries is a symbol of prosperity in the printing industry. There are six kinds of printing professional publications that are publicly released, more than 30 kinds of internal publications, and more than 400 kinds of professional printing books, but they cannot keep pace with the needs of the printing industry. In addition, in order to publish books and materials for printing, the printing industry press was established.

The printing industry is a processing industry. The existing printing factories are classified according to processing specialty and affiliation, and can be roughly divided into: newspaper printing (reported to propaganda department management) and books and periodicals printing (mainly for production of books, periodicals and magazines, and management of the publishing department. ), packaging and label printing (printing and printing plants printing packaging materials, product samples, trademarks, etc., under the jurisdiction of local light industry departments), ordinary stationery printing (general stationery such as workbooks, letterheads, envelopes, account book list And so on, which are also printed by the light industry department printers, securities printing, and map printing (credit securities, banknotes, stamps, maps, etc. are all under the control of professional departments designated by the state and have established banknote printing plants, stamp factories, and map printing plants). Wait. Nowadays, all kinds of printed-back factories have grown to 60,000 and employ 1.5 million people. The printing industry has formed a huge team, divided into the nature of the company, ownership by the whole people, collective ownership, joint ventures and individual businesses.

For more than 40 years, there have been many reforms in printing technology. In the aspect of text typesetting, in order to improve the quality of the text version, the character model was comprehensively updated throughout the country, and the movable type and character type specifications were unified. In order to increase the speed of typesetting, a hand-selected casting machine was developed. Afterwards, a new automatic machine was developed. The machine accommodates more than 7400 words. The conveying of the pattern is smooth, the casting is accurate, and the operation is convenient. Each class produces 25,000 words. about. In the development of phototypesetting, the production of manual imagesetters began in 1964. In 1970, auto photosetters were also developed. The assembly was completed in 1973. In 1983, a computer laser Chinese character and editing system was successfully developed, creating a new layout for Chinese characters. Lu has now developed an electronic publishing system for inputting, editing, and outputting texts on microprocessors, which has created conditions for the popularization of light printing and the output of precision laser images. In the aspect of image platemaking, first explore the masking method, which greatly improves the quality and effectiveness of the use of photolithography. In order to improve the printing plate printing rate, the use of positive plate-making instead of negative plate-making has improved the efficiency and quality. Gelatin was used to replace wet plate photography, and now it is mainly film. In the aspect of color image plate making, the direct color separation and screening process is adopted, so that the outline of the image is rich, the layers are rich, and the resolution is good. It has become the main process in China's current use of photographic plates, and the introduction of the electronic color separation machine has enabled the efficiency of image plate-making. The quality is far more than that of photolithography. It is now the main method of color image making. The computer typesetting system can automatically make impositions, complete the complicated layout difficult to subsidize by manpower, and realize some special effects pictures. The promotion of four-color printing not only shortens the printing cycle, but also reduces the consumption of raw materials and improves the quality. In the plate material, the use of a photosensitive resin plate for letterpress printing, lithographic printing from the zinc plate to the aluminum plate, and the plate-printing sensitizing adhesive also changed from chrome gelatin to chrome polyvinyl alcohol glue. Nowadays, it is widely used as a precoat for diazonium salts. Photographic version. In the way of printing, lithography was developed and offset printing was promoted. In binding, from hand-workshop type to mechanization, and then stand-alone linkage development into hardcover: paperback, saddle stitching three linked production lines, speed up the binding speed, improve quality, reduce costs, workers have improved working conditions. The entire printing industry is moving toward the technological development policy of “laser photocopying, electronic color separation, offset printing, and binding linkage”.

In terms of printing machinery and equipment manufacturing, its manufacturing capabilities and levels have increased significantly over the past 10 years, and many new products have been developed. Among these are: Program-controlled overhead camera, high-light source vertical color separation and amplification machine, and automatic continuous illumination. Camera, Universal Electronic Color Separator, Computer Controlled Multifunctional Phototypewriter, Electronic Publishing System, Various Types of Stencil Printing Machines and Linking Machines, Two-color Relief Web Printing Presses, Monochrome, Two-color, Four-color Offset Lithographic Printing Machine, web offset offset press, web offset dual-use offset press, six-color gravure printing machine, wire binding and other motives for various plate making, printing, and binding machines; there are contact screens in the equipment, various kinds of pre Photosensitized plates, photographic film, electronic color separation, phototypesetting, etc. used in a variety of photographic film, offset blankets and air-cushion blankets and a series of materials, printing machinery product quality improvement, variety increase and cheaper Prices have strengthened China's competitiveness in the international market.

Although the printing industry was severely damaged by ten years of turmoil, the achievements made since the liberation are still enormous, especially since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Party Congress. However, we should also note that in the new historical period, the status quo of the printing industry is still unable to adapt to the new situation. Our printing technology is still relatively backward, poor management, outdated equipment, weak scientific research technology, and the quality of printed products and labor productivity. Compared with the level of foreign countries, the gap is still very large. To this end, the state attaches great importance to this situation. In order to revitalize the printing industry and carry out technological transformation, in 1982, the “National Economic Commission's Printing Technology Equipment Coordination Group” was set up to formulate development plans and set certain policy measures, and “China Printing” was established. And equipment and equipment industry associations" to strengthen the horizontal linkage and industry management of printing and equipment and equipment industries. Now that the party and the state attach great importance to it, there are organizational guarantees, and there are concrete measures for implementation, we should work hard for ourselves. Recognizing that the modernization of the printing industry is an important part of China’s industrial modernization, mobilizing all positive factors, making concerted efforts and aspirations for reforms, To speed up the pace of modernization of printing technology.