Dr. Stein from the Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Research in Leibniz, Germany, led an international scientific research group. After two years of hard work, the whole genome of the cereal barley was finally observed for the first time. Scientists have been able to determine the order of 2/3 of all barley genes with the help of the new method they have established. These results have become the basis for the complete deciphering of barley and similar wheat genomes.
According to information from the World Food and Agriculture Organization, wheat and barley occupy the first and fifth positions respectively in the world's most planted cereal rankings, and they are of great significance for economics and scientific research. Scientists can understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for their complex traits only after they have mastered the plant's genetic code. Understanding the genetic code is also the basis for improving important crop performance, such as drought tolerance and resistance.
However, the grain genome is extremely large and complex, which makes complete decoding very difficult. According to Dr. Stein, the barley genome is about two and a half times that of the human genome and 12 times that of the rice genome, and all decoding requires US $ 100 million. Successfully tested new methods are now used to study the larger wheat genome.
Due to the similarity of many crops, researchers can use the relationship between the genetic information of barley and characteristics to study other similar cereals such as rye. The research results have been published in the 23rd issue of Plant Cell Online.
doi: 10.1105 / tpc.110.082537
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PMID:
Unlocking the Barley Genome by Chromosomal and Comparative Genomics
Klaus FX Mayera ,, Mihaela Martisa, Pete E. Hedleyb, Hana imkovác, Hui Liub, Jenny A. Morrisb, Burkhard Steuernageld, Stefan Taudiene, Stephan Roessnera, Heidrun Gundlacha, Marie Kubalákovác, Pavla Suchánkováa, Florent Murat , Andreas Granerd, Jerome Salsef, Takashi Endog, Hiroaki Sakaih, Tsuyoshi Tanakah, Takeshi Itohh, Kazuhiro Satoi, Matthias Platzere, Takashi Matsumotoh, Uwe Scholzd, Jaroslav Doleelc, Robbie Waughb, and Nils Steind,
We used a novel approach that incorporated chromosome sorting, next-generation sequencing, array hybridization, and systematic exploitation of conserved synteny with model grasses to assign ~ 86% of the estimated ~ 32,000 barley (Hordeum vulgare) genes to individual chromosome arms. Using a series of bioinformatically constructed genome zippers that integrate gene indices of rice (Oryza sativa), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and Brachypodium distachyon in a conserved synteny model, we were able to assemble 21,766 barley genes in a putative linear order. We show that the barley (H) genome displays a mosaic of structural similarity to hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) A, B, and D subgenomes and that orthologous genes in different grasses exhibit signatures of positive selection in different lineages. We present an ordered, information-rich scaffold of the barley genome that provides a valuable and robust framework for the development of novel strategies in cereal breeding.
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