The Development and Prosperity of the Second Festival Engraving and Printing
One and five generations of carved books
The Five Dynasties was one of the periods of large-scale separatism in feudal society in China. From 907 AD to 960 AD, in the 50th year of the Northern Song Dynasty, in the Central Plains region, there were five dynasties: Houliang, Houtang, Houjin, Houhan, and Houhou. Before and after the Central Plains, there were Wu, Nantang, Wuyue, Chu, and Chu. There are ten independent kingdoms such as Nanhan, Qianyi, Houyi, Nanping and Beihan. This is the period of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms in Chinese history. During this period, there was a fierce battle between the separatist regimes across the country, resulting in frequent dynasty changes. However, the Five Dynasties played an important role in the history of Chinese book printing. The printing industry of the Five Dynasties has developed much more than the Tang Dynasty. The printing area has become more extensive, the printing scale has been further expanded, and the number has also increased significantly. Engravers from the folk, the monastery into the upper-level intellectuals and government official institutions, began to appear government engravings and private engravings. The printing technique, which came from private inventions and creations, was supported by the government's application, provided favorable conditions for its own development and expansion, and showed broad development prospects.
(a) The beginning of the official engraving
1. Later Tang Mingzong Changxing three years engraving printing Confucian classics
When printing has been popular in the folk, the ruling class still uses the old method of Emperor Han Ling to continue carving stone classics in order to standardize the classical text used in the examination. During his adulthood, Tang Wenzong engraved twelve Confucian classics in Changan’s Imperial College on the stone tablet. This time the stone was written in the body of the carcass at the time. The stone scriptures that were engraved were "Easy," "Book," "Poetry," "Three Rituals, Three Biography," "The Analects of Confucius," "The Book of Filial Piety," "Er Ya," and "The Five Scriptures," and "The Nine Scriptures." For the "Kai Cheng Shi Jing." Up until the Five Dynasties, Hou Jiguangzheng (938) still insisted on marking the stone scriptures. After twenty-eight years, it was carved into ten classics. (The left-wing biography of the Spring and Autumn period is only partially engraved, and it lacks "Kung-yang Chuan" and "Gu Liang Chuan"). At that time, the Confucian classics had been adopted by the government of the late Tang Dynasty, Feng Dao, and the government began to adopt engraving printing. The Engraving of the Stone Sutra reflects both the ignorance and observance of new things by the ruling class; it also reflects how standard and error-free readers are needed in society. It is in the society's urgent need for the standard of reading and the promotion of the printing industry that has gradually developed by the people. There have been events in the Tang Dynasty of the Ming Dynasty after the Ming Dynasty.
"The Five Dynasties will" remembered Tang Changxing in February of the next three years. The government approved the petitions of the plates of the "Nine Scriptures" according to the "Stone Scriptures" under the book. "The commander of the Imperial Examination of the Imperial Academy of the Imperial Academy of China ordered the Xijing Stone Scriptures to be written and transcribed from the original scriptures of the institution, read them carefully, and then hired and carve the craftsmen. The ministries were engraved with the seals to make the world famous. People and others should write scriptures and they must use the printed script to avoid staggering miscellaneous items." Under the book is the prime minister, Feng Dao, Li Yu and others. The petition means the petitions of Feng Dao and Li Yu. "Chang Fu Yuan Gui" contains "The Tang Dynasty Prime Minister Feng Dao and Li Yuzhong's Heavy Classics. As the Han Dynasty worshiped Confucianism, it had the three-character "The Stone Sutra". The Tang Dynasty also wrote in the Guozi School. This day the court is giving up and incompetent. Li Li, who had seen the people of Wu Yan, had a lot of colorings, and eventually lost the classics. The purpose of the engraving of the Nine Scriptures is the same as the purpose of carving stone in the past. It is to correct classical texts so that readers have standard readings. At that time, social turmoil and wars were in full swing. The country was unable to engrave the stone scriptures. The reason for this was the motive for engraving and printing, precisely because of the popularity of printing plates in the city. Feng Dao and Li Yu’s memorabilia have been clearly stated. It can be seen that the government’s agreement to adopt printing is influenced by the popularity of folk books.
At that time, they planned to engrave nine kinds of classics, namely, Yi, Shu, Poem, Zhou Li, Ritual, Ritual, Spring and Autumn Zuo Shi, Spring and Autumn Rams, and Spring and Autumn Period Liang Chuan. According to the Tang Kaicheng Shi Jing, the school was engraved as a base.
This is the first time that Confucian classics began to be carved. It is also the first use of printing by the ruling class. The state attaches great importance to it. In the third year of Changxing, the emperor once again bowed down: "The recent compilation of the stone scriptures, the engraving of the printing plates, and the commissioning of the Confucian School of Confucianism, each of the five or six Confucian scholars, were surveyed and noted. Today is more inward. The five were filled with reconciliation officers, Prince Edward Guest Marquess, Taichang Chen Chen Guan, Li Youfu and Tai Changhua Duan??, Dr. Tai Chang Lu Hang, Tun Tian Yuanwai Lang Tianmin, etc. However, despite the fact that the missions of the Communist Party and the government were covered with extremely large numbers of texts, there are still occasional discrepancies. The following are all Mazu's masterpieces. Each of the special professions has made the collation more meticulous. When a person chooses, the canonist writes it in an endorse, spins the craftsman to seal it, writes five papers a day, writes one minus, and if there is no choice, it can be reduced. The engraving and printing of the Confucian classics was a major event in the country’s political life. Although the National School Supervisors and teachers were assigned to take charge of the school, in order to prevent mistakes, the emperor once again assigned five experts to carry out detailed collation to ensure that the scriptures were correct and correct. It is stipulated that those who are good at calligraphy should be selected among teachers and students of the National Academy of Education to write a copy of the book.
The work of carving and printing on Confucianism and Confucianism began in Changxing three years (932) and was completed in Zhou Guangshun in three years (953). It took fourteen dynasties in the later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han and Later Zhou and took twenty-one years. . Totally printed twelve books. Beyond the Nine Scriptures, including the Analects of Confucius, the Book of Filial Piety, and Erya, there are also two copies of the Five Scriptures and the Nine Scriptures. Shortly after the engraved version of the "Nine Classics" was completed, the Imperial College again engraved Tang Lu Deming's "Classic Interpretation" collation in the second year (955) of Zhou Xiande.
The "Management Yuan Turtle" records: "Chou Taizu Guangshun three years in June, the left-hand man of the book Shang Tian and the supervisor of the country's son Tian Min, to offer the printing plates "Nine Scriptures", "The Five Scriptures", "Nine Scriptures" two, One hundred and thirty volumes."
"Yu Hai": "In the third year of February of Tang Dynasty, Changxing was ordered to revise the "Nine Scriptures" by the Imperial College of the Tang Dynasty, and copied the script with the Xijing Stone Scriptures, and awarded the world. In April, Ming Machen, Chen Guan, and Tian Min detailedly collated. Yueting Ding, “The Eleven Classics†and “Er Yaâ€, “The Five Scriptures†and “The Nine Scriptures†were boarded and judged by Tian Min, (2 copies, 130 volumes), Dr. Li Shushu, but "the first three rams" Guo Shanshu.
In the course of more than 20 years of engraving the Nine Scriptures, Tian Min, who started his work, presented the plaque to the emperor and played: “Chen et al.ä¼ ä¼ ä¼ ä¼ , , , , 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪 秕缪. Infinite, I would like to make a statement.†Thanks to the earnest efforts of the teachers and students of the Imperial College of China and the hard work of numerous carving, printing, and framing artisans, with the strong support of the country, it has finally been accomplished. Of course, thankfully.
The opening of Confucian classics is indeed a historic event.
First of all, it opened the way for the use of printing in the scriptures. At this time, although printing technology has been popularized and applied in China for hundreds of years, the "most of the colors" in the printed matter are "finished in the end". In the past, standard textbooks were provided by way of the imperial court to establish a standard stone, and when it took time and labor costs, people were prone to missed mistakes. Nowadays, with the printed version, it is possible to achieve the purpose of a unified final version, and it is easier and faster to provide a large number of copies for social needs. This has played a role in the prosperity and development of ancient academics, the popularization of culture and education, and the preservation and circulation of books and documents. Actively promote the role.
Secondly, the scope of printing applications has increased from the printing of some private daily necessities to the Confucian books that were once regarded as classics. Printing has received the attention of the government and is more conducive to its own development and improvement. From the past, it has been looming in folk and temples, and has been exposed to the public. The advantages of fast, convenient, and low-cost printing technology have gradually been fully reflected. In the process of large-scale application, it has promoted continuous reform and innovation of technology. With the development of engraving technology, it has laid a good foundation for the invention of movable type printing.
Third, the printing industry has entered the government from the private sector. Since then, it has generated the government's engraved book business, and the Guozijian carved book is the main body of the government's carved book. The engraved editions are collected in the Imperial College, so they are also called "monitoring books." This system affects all the historical dynasties of the later generations. The Song Dynasty procuratorate was imprinted with the edition of the guardian plates left behind by the five generations. The Song people call it "the ancient prison" or "the ancient capital." The Guozijian carved book attaches great importance to the selection of the base, cautious collation and handwriting of outstanding scholars. It has set an example for the publishing of posterity and formed the fine tradition of ancient Chinese printing books.
Fourth, the Imperial College is the highest institution in the feudal era. The school is responsible for compiling, collating, printing and publishing textbooks. Until modern times, Chinese universities and colleges all have their own editorial and publishing institutions, serving the teachers and students of the school for teaching and scientific research, and also providing excellent books for the society. It is an important force in the national editorial publishing and distribution system.
Fifth, it marks the beginning of a new stage in the circulation of books and the dissemination of Chinese characters. It will soon replace printing with handwriting. In the past, although there were printing activities in the society, their use was limited to some areas and spread among the people. The basic practice in society is to copy and write books. During the Five Dynasties, due to the advocacy of the ruling class, there was a tremendous influence in society. Although there were still handwritten books circulated, the printing industry moved forward at a faster pace, and the mainstream of the book form began to enter the Indian era from the writing period.
2. The printing activities of other local regimes that established themselves during the Five Dynasties
In addition to the large-scale printing of books by the Tang Dynasty government, the rulers of other local regimes also use printing techniques. Among them, Wu Yueguo, who is located in the Taihu Lake basin in the south, stands out. In terms of politics, economy, and production, Wu Yueguo is one of the more stable and prosperous courts. The first ruler Qian Yu was sealed as the King of Wu Yue by Liang Taizu, and then added Marshal of the Terracotta Army. Pass III, five masters. A total of more than eighty years (893-978). Wu Yue Qian's kings believe in Buddhism. Chung-hung Wang Qianhong (or Qian Yu, 947-978), was a great believer and had built a large number of temples, built Buddhist pagodas, and carved Buddhist scriptures. Since the beginning of this century, many Buddhist sutras have been discovered by Wu Yueguo. During the reconstruction of the Tianning Temple in Huzhou in 1917, several volumes of "All things come from the heart and the whole body of the Bodhidharma and the Indra Infiniti" were found inside the elephant trunk of Yushi. Before the scroll paintings, "The world's marshal Wuyue King Qian Hong??" printed "Bao Yin and Sutra," 84,000 volumes, to provide support in the tower. Xiande three years Bingchen (956 years old). It can be described as a large-scale printing event. It is only three years later than the classical classics completed in AD 953. In 1924, the Leifeng Tower in Hangzhou collapsed and the Baodi and Sutras were found again in the perforated tower brick. The volume inscribed with the title "The world's marshal General Wu Yue King money?? Make this by 84,000 volumes, rounded off the West brick tower, forever feeding. Yi Hai August diary" (Figure 7-7). Yi Hai was Song Taizong's opening ceremony for eight years (975). At the same time, it also found a tower map in the brick tower. The total length of the tower is 1 meter. Each tower is painted on one floor. Four towers are connected and the story of the Buddhist scriptures is drawn. There is a record of the year of the Prophet in the book, which is the first year of the reign of Emperor Taizong during the reign of Emperor Taizong (976). The figure was printed one year later than the Buddhist scriptures. The time has entered the Song Dynasty. At that time, Wu Yueguo did not take Natu. He should still be listed as a printed matter in the Five Dynasties.
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